FDA reveals 142 cases of tainted scopes Scopes Deadly bacteria can become trapped at the tip of duodenoscopes. (LIZ MARTIN / The Gazette) By CHAD TERHUNE AND MELODY PETERSEN Business Medical Research Hospitals and Clinics Food and Drug Administration CRE Infections UCLA Medical System The number of patients involved could be far higher than 142 Officials said 669,000 medical scope procedures were performed last year on patients Both the FDA and Olympus Corp., the leading maker of duodenoscopes, have come under fire. Federal regulators shed more light on the potential harm to patients from a controversial medical scope, disclosing 142 reports of contaminated devices and possible patient infections since 2010. The Food and Drug Administration had previously said it received about half that many reports, 75, on duodenoscopes that caused patient infections in 2013 and 2014. The number of patients involved could be far higher than 142 because one adverse event report may include numerous people. The new details emerged this week in advance of an advisory panel the FDA is convening next week to examine recent scope-related superbug outbreaks at several U.S. hospitals, including ones at UCLA and Cedars-Sinai medical centers. That FDA panel of medical experts is expected to recommend further steps that regulators, device manufacturers and hospitals should take to protect patients undergoing a procedure known as endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, or ERCP. Officials said 669,000 ERCP procedures were performed last year on patients battling cancer, gallstones and other digestive issues. Both the FDA and Olympus Corp., the leading maker of duodenoscopes, have come under fire from federal lawmakers, doctors and patient advocates for not responding sooner and more forcefully to reports of hospital outbreaks. Patients were infected even though hospitals were following the manufacturers' recommended cleaning instructions. Health officials have found that deadly bacteria can become trapped at the tip of these duodenoscopes. "The transmission of infectious material from patient to patient during ERCP, although uncommon, represents a serious public health concern," the FDA said in its latest report. Federal officials acknowledged that their surveillance system for medical devices has limitations and that incidents can be underreported by manufacturers. Some medical experts agree, and they say the number of scope-related infections may be much higher. "These reports can come in 18 months to two years later," said Lawrence Muscarella, a hospital-safety consultant in Montgomeryville, Pa. The FDA's new figures "could significantly underestimate the risk." After a superbug outbreak became public in February at UCLA's Ronald Reagan Medical Center, the FDA issued a nationwide alert to hospitals and Olympus published revised cleaning instructions. At UCLA, contaminated Olympus scopes infected seven patients with the CRE superbug and two of them died. Cedars-Sinai reported a similar outbreak in March that sickened four patients treated with an Olympus scope. Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, or the superbug CRE, is highly resistant to antibiotics, and it can kill up to half of those infected. A spokesman for Olympus couldn't be reached for comment Wednesday. In preparation for the advisory panel debate, the FDA searched its database of adverse event reports filed by scope manufacturers as well as from the makers of equipment that hospitals use to disinfect endoscopes. Regulators said they found 142 reports related to duodenoscopes from 2010 to Feb. 17, 2015. There were four additional reports going back to 1997. Among that total of 146 incidents, 13 involved patient deaths and 121 dealt with injuries, according to the FDA. The other reports involved equipment malfunction or other unspecified outcomes. An FDA spokeswoman said she didn't have a figure for the total number of patients involved in the ERCP reports. She said the agency didn't want to comment further in advance of the advisory panel meeting May 14 and 15 Olympus holds an 85% share of the U.S. market for duodenoscopes and other specialty endoscopes, according to the FDA. The FDA said six of the nine outbreaks recently investigated by health officials involved Olympus duodenoscopes. Scopes from Pentax Medical were involved in two outbreaks, and those from Fujifilm were involved in one, according to the FDA. "There is a systemic risk from this instrument. The problem of underreporting is probably high," said Dr. James McKinnell, an expert on hospital epidemiology at the L.A. Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center. The FDA continued to stand by its decision to not recall the duodenoscopes. "The agency believes that removal of the device from the market could lead to an insufficient number of available duodenoscopes to meet the clinical demand in the United States," the agency said in its report. "FDA believes the benefits of the ERCP procedure outweigh the risks in appropriately selected patients." The FDA also disclosed for the first time the number of reports it had received on patient infections and device contamination related to automated endoscope reprocessors, the machines many hospitals use to disinfect these reusable devices. The agency said it had 152 adverse event reports related to reprocessing equipment from 1992 to March 2015. Custom Ultrasonics, a leading manufacturer of reprocessing machines, has previously said it's monitoring the scope infections closely, but it has "no concerns regarding the safety and efficacy of our devices." Overall, the number of ERCP procedures in the U.S. has grown 15% since 2010 to 668,800 last year, according to industry research cited by regulators.
ERCP (Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio-Pancreatography) Patient Information from SAGES
What Is ERCP (Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio-Pancreatography)? ERCP is a procedure that enables your surgeon to examine the pancreatic and bile ducts. A bendable, lighted tube (endoscope) about the thickness of your index finger is placed through your mouth and into your stomach and top part of the small intestine (duodenum). In the duodenum a small opening is identified (ampulla) and a small plastic tube (cannula) is passed through the endoscope and into this opening. Dye (contrast material) is injected and X-rays are taken to study the ducts of the pancreas and liver.
Why Is An ERCP Performed? ERCP is most commonly performed to diagnose conditions of the pancreas or bile ducts, and is also used to treat those conditions. It is used to evaluate symptoms suggestive of disease in these organs, or to further clarify abnormal results from blood tests or imaging tests such as ultrasound or CT scan. The most common reasons to do ERCP include abdominal pain, weight loss, jaundice, or an ultrasound or CT scan that shows stones or a mass in these organs. ERCP may be used before or after gallbladder surgery to assist in the performance of that operation. Bile duct stones can be diagnosed and removed with an ERCP. Tumors, both cancerous and noncancerous, can be diagnosed and then treated with indwelling plastic tubes that are used to bypass a blockage of the bile duct. Complications from gallbladder surgery can also sometimes be diagnosed and treated with ERCP. In patients with suspected or known pancreatic disease, ERCP will help determine the need for surgery or the best type of surgical procedure to be performed. Occasionally, pancreatic stones can be removed by ERCP.
CRE抗藥性檢測 (衛生福利部 疾病管制署)
一、 檢測目的 carbapenem類抗生素屬於強力的廣效性β-lactam類藥物，通常被視為治療多重抗藥性細菌的最後防線；但近年來革蘭氏陰性菌，尤其是腸道菌(Enterobacteriaceae)，對carbapenem類抗生素產生抗藥性(carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, CRE)的比例日增，因此受到國際間的高度關注。為協助醫療機構確認藥敏試驗結果及檢測是否帶有NDM-1基因等，並收集國內菌株了解相關抗藥性機制，故提供此通報項目。二、通報方式（一）採志願通報。（二）倘醫療院所於病患臨床檢體分離出CRE，需協助鑑定或進行抗藥性基因檢測者，可經由傳染病通報系統之「其他傳染病」項下「CRE抗藥性檢測」辦理通報及送驗。三、送驗條件（一）對carbapenem類抗生素(doripenem、imipenem、meropenem或ertapenem等)任一種不具感受性(nonsusceptible)之腸道菌(Enterobacteriaceae)。因某些細菌本身即對imipenem不具感受性(nonsusceptible)，則需以其他carbapenem類(如：doripenem、meropenem或ertapenem)進行藥敏試驗。且（二）對以下任一第三代頭孢子菌素類 (third-generation cephalosporins)具有抗藥性: ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, and ceftazidime。四、檢體採集運送（一）醫療院所應將臨床檢體所分離出具carbapenem抗藥性之腸道菌純化菌株，以cary-blair拭子沾滿一圈後，置入cary-blair保持輸送培養基，以採檢箱立即送至疾病管制局昆陽實驗室。（二）運送檢體應於常溫（22℃-35℃）儘速送驗。（三）本菌抗藥性高，採檢時應謹慎操作，避免污染環境。（四）菌株驗出NDM-1基因等陽性約須5-7天。
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