神經退化疾病新進展 臺大團隊「微創皮膚切片」改變病理診斷困難 大成報-2016年07月21日 下午22:06 【大成報記者羅蔚舟報導】造成周邊末梢神經病變的原因很多,包括糖尿病、化學治療藥物、自體免疫疾病,及罕見疾病「類澱粉沉積症」。由臺大醫院神經科、臺大醫學院解剖學暨細胞生物學研究所謝松蒼教授所領導的團隊,建立「微創皮膚切片」,用來診斷以疼痛為表現的末梢神經病變,過去需要使用具有侵襲性的神經切片作檢查,而「微創皮膚切片」改變了過去需以神經切片進行病理診斷的困難。臺大醫院表示,皮膚覆蓋全身,傳統上認為只是保護身體的組織,以往研究上也著重於引起過敏、癢或發炎。但是皮膚上有非常多的神經,包括感覺神經 (可以感受外界冷、熱的溫度刺激)及自律神經 (比如排汗),所以皮膚組織提供了可以檢測周邊神經末梢的檢查標的。「微創皮膚切片」是由臺大醫院發展,用以取代神經切片的病理檢查,只需要小區域之局部麻醉,傷口只有0.3公分直徑,就像一般擦傷的破皮,整個流程約15分鐘,不需縫合,不影響行動,大約兩週內皮膚傷口就可以復原,現在已經為國際醫學界所認同,是小纖維神經病變之標準診斷方法。在科技部經費支持下,團隊成員趙啟超醫師應用此技術,並結合基因檢測,發現類澱粉沉積症造成的周邊神經病變疾病,「類澱粉神經病變」 (Familial Amyloidotic Polyneuropathy,英文簡稱FAP) 具台灣人特有的基因突變,研究結果發現皮膚上的汗腺神經支配密度,在「類澱粉神經病變」除了顯著減少外,並與疾病進展程度有關,也就是神經數目愈低,疾病進展愈快,會在短時間內發生行動障礙 (比如坐輪椅、臥床等) ,而行動能力係「類澱粉神經病變」臨床試驗有無成效最重要的參數,此研究成果提供了臨床試驗治療的評估指標,已於2015年8月發表在國際頂尖期刊--神經學年報 (Annals of Neurology)。「類澱粉神經病變」屬於一種自體顯性遺傳的罕見疾病,臺灣的病友具有特異性的突變點,這一基因突變點與其他國家的突變點不同,臨床表現也不同,台灣的病友屬於「晚發型」,大約在50多歲以後才發病,症狀包括 (1) 四肢肌肉萎縮、無力 (2) 慢性神經麻痛 (3)自律神經失調 (慢性腹瀉、姿勢性低血壓、心律不整等症狀)。在神經學症狀出現以前,早期的症狀主要是慢性腹瀉 (有些病友可能因此診斷為腸躁症)與心律不整 (類澱粉會沉積在心臟,病友可能有心臟衰竭症狀,或是需要裝心律調整器),這一疾病在發病以後,症狀會持續惡化,大約在2.5年到8年的時間,會因行動障礙,而需要坐輪椅或臥床,但卻缺少客觀而且可以量化檢查來評估疾病的嚴重度與進展。而過去因為缺少這些客觀指標,較少藥物研發,因此結合臺大團隊開發的「微創皮膚切片」,現在已經成為臨床試驗的重要指標,目前「類澱粉神經病變」已經有一些臨床試驗藥物正在進行,可以提供病友更多的希望。(皮膚分為最表淺的表皮層和深部的真皮層。這一皮膚切片顯示正常人在皮膚表皮層的感覺神經 (負責痛覺與感受溫度的神經),這些神經末梢非常細 (直徑大約1~5微米),經由臺大團隊發展的特殊染色方法,才能在一般光學顯微鏡觀察到。)
Sudomotor innervation in transthyretin amyloid neuropathy: Pathology and functional correlates
Objective Autonomic neuropathy is a major component of familial amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP) due to mutated transthyretin, with sudomotor failure as a common manifestation. This study aimed to investigate the pathology and clinical significance of sudomotor denervation.
Methods Skin biopsies were performed on the distal leg of FAP patients with a follow-up duration of 3.8 ± 1.6 years. Sudomotor innervation was stained with 2 markers: protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5), a general neuronal marker, and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), a sudomotor nerve functional marker, followed by quantitation according to sweat gland innervation index (SGII) for PGP 9.5 (SGIIPGP 9.5) and VIP (SGIIVIP).
Results There were 28 patients (25 men) with Ala97Ser transthyretin and late onset (59.9 ± 6.0 years) disabling neuropathy. Autonomic symptoms were present in 22 patients (78.6%) at the time of skin biopsy. The SGIIPGP 9.5 and SGIIVIP of FAP patients were significantly lower than those of age- and gender-matched controls. The reduction of SGIIVIP was more severe than that of SGIIPGP 9.5 (p = 0.002). Patients with orthostatic hypotension or absent sympathetic skin response at palms were associated with lower SGIIPGP 9.5 (p = 0.019 and 0.002, respectively). SGIIPGP 9.5 was negatively correlated with the disability grade at the time of skin biopsy (p = 0.004), and was positively correlated with the interval from the time of skin biopsy to the time of wheelchair usage (p = 0.029).
Interpretation This study documented the pathological evidence of sudomotor denervation in FAP. SGIIPGP 9.5 was functionally correlated with autonomic symptoms, autonomic tests, ambulation status, and progression of disability. Ann Neurol 2015;78:272℃283
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