Thursday, May 10, 2018

【Nat Med】 BRCA1/2 mutations乳癌對Platinum藥物反應 是 docetaxel 兩倍: ORR 68% vs 33%,


 "靶向化療"成為可能—卡鉑用於治療BRCA1/2突變及BRCAness表型三陰性乳腺癌的IIITNT研究 腫瘤資訊2018-05-03 BRCA1/2突變胚系突變在TNBC中的檢出率約為10%BRCA突變細胞對鉑類藥物具有很高的敏感性。在早期的新輔助研究中,發現鉑類單藥能使BRCA突變乳腺癌的pCR率提高到60%以上;TBCRC009研究亦顯示了其在BRCA突變的晚期乳腺癌中的作用。但尚缺乏大型臨床試驗對其進行驗證。TNT研究作為一項對比卡鉑與多西他賽在BRCA1/2突變及BRCAness表型三陰性乳腺癌患者中的有效性研究,填補了這個空缺。

背景 三陰性乳腺癌(triple-negative breast cancer, TNBC)是一類整體預後不良的乳腺癌,近年來快速發展的基因組學研究將TNBC這一異質性的疾病更細劃分為多個亞型。Lehmann等的TNBC6分型及中國的FUSCC4分型都證實了大多數TNBC為基底樣型,其主要特徵為同源重組中DNA損傷修復異常導致的基因組不穩定。這類異常也存在於BRCA1受啟動子區甲基化調控的mRNA低表達中。BRCA1/2胚系突變乳腺癌即gBRCA-BC,在此類乳腺癌中存在基因同源重組,同源重組可修復由鉑類及PARP抑制劑引起的DNA損傷。所謂BRCAness表型乳腺癌,包括BRCA1甲基化,BRCA1 mRNA低表達,同源重組缺陷及基底樣型乳腺癌,此類表型乳腺癌在機制上被證明可能對鉑類藥物敏感。這類BRCA1/2胚系突變及BRCAness表型乳腺癌中均存在的缺陷及其性質為本研究的基礎TNT研究是一項在TNBCBRCA1/2突變的晚期乳腺癌中開展的III期臨床試驗,目的是比較多西他賽與卡鉑對特定乳腺癌亞組的療效,探究"靶向化療"藥物卡鉑在DNA損傷修復缺陷亞組的療效是否優於多西他賽。本試驗採用BRCA1/2突變檢測、HRD評分、PAM 50等多種工具針對性地對DNA損傷修復異常進行檢測,作為亞組分析的生物標誌物。

方法本試驗中,共376例晚期TNBC滿足入組條件後隨機化為兩個單藥治療組,多西他賽組188例,卡鉑組188例,所有受試者均納入主要終點分析。試驗人群包括338BRCA突變不詳的TNBC患者及43BRCA1/2胚系突變患者(其中BRCA1突變31名,BRCA2突變12名,ER+患者11人)。

結果 整體而言,主要研究終點ORR在兩個治療組間不存在顯著差異(卡鉑組31.4%,多西他賽組34.0%P=0.66,圖1)。98.9%的受試者在治療中出現進展(372/376),卡鉑組中位PFS3.1個月(95%CI, 2.4-4.2個月),多西他賽組中位PFS4.4個月(95%CI4.1-5.1個月)。卡鉑組OS12.8個月(95%CI, 10.6-15.3個月),多西他賽組OS12.0個月(95%CI, 10.2-13.0個月)。兩組PFSOS之間無明顯差異。

BRCA突變亞組分析:BRCA1/2胚系突變亞組中,應用卡鉑的ORR優於多西他賽(68.0% vs. 33.3%, P=0.03, 兩組的PFS亦存在相似而顯著的差異(卡鉑組6.8m vs.多西他賽組4.4mP=0.002),然在OS僅得到陰性結果。此外,在關於腫瘤BRCA1/2突變,BRCA1甲基化,低表達BRCA mRNA等的亞組分析的嘗試中,受樣本量較小的限制,均未能得到理想的陽性結果。

同源重組亞組及基底樣型亞組分析:基於本試驗的背景,研究者在同源重組缺陷對試驗結果的預測上進行了探索,然結果並不理想。組合Myriad HRD assay是一種評估同源重組的試劑盒,通過評分將受試者分為高HRD及低HRD兩組,在兩組中對卡鉑及多西他賽的療效進行比較,未能得到陽性結果。而在PAM50基因工具輔助下進行基底樣型TNBC亞組分析也同樣不順利,基底樣型組中,卡鉑或多西他賽對緩解率並無明顯影響。然而,有趣的是在非基底樣型組中,多西他賽的緩解率明顯優於卡鉑組(72.2% vs. 16.7%, P=0.002)。此外,同源缺陷缺陷及免疫組化定義"核心基底"等亞組分析嘗試未得到明顯的陽性結果。

結論 在未經選擇的TNBC中,卡鉑或多西他賽兩個治療方案的ORRPFSOS均相似,但在BRCA1/2胚系突變的乳腺癌中,接受卡鉑治療的患者獲益為多西他賽的約兩倍(ORR: 68.0% vs. 33.3%, P=0.03; PFS: 6.8m vs. 4.4m, P=0.002)。該試驗具有改變臨床指南的能力,對於BRCA1/2胚系突變乳腺癌,採用卡鉑"靶向化療"不失為一種更優的臨床選擇。

參考文獻 Tutt A, Tovey H, Cheang MCU, et al. Carboplatin in BRCA1/2-mutated and triple-negative breast cancer BRCAness subgroups: the TNT Trial. Nature Medicine. 2018.

Germline mutations in BRCA1/2 predispose individuals to breast cancer (termed germline-mutated BRCA1/2 breast can-cer, gBRCA-BC) by impairing homologous recombination (HR) and causing genomic instability. HR also repairs DNA lesions caused by platinum agents and PARP inhibitors. Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) harbor subpopulations with BRCA1/2 mutations, hypothesized to be especially platinum-sensitive. Cancers in putative 'BRCAness' subgroups—tumors with BRCA1 methylation; low levels of BRCA1 mRNA (BRCA1 mRNA-low); or mutational signatures for HR deficiency and those with basal phenotypesmay also be sensitive to platinum. We assessed the efficacy of carboplatin and another mechanistically distinct therapy, docetaxel, in a phase 3 trial in subjects with unselected advanced TNBC. A prespecified protocol enabled bio-marker–treatment interaction analyses in gBRCA-BC and BRCAness subgroups. The primary endpoint was objective response rate (ORR). In the unselected population (376 subjects; 188 carboplatin, 188 docetaxel), carboplatin was not more active than docetaxel (ORR, 31.4% versus 34.0%, respectively; P =  0.66). In contrast, in subjects with gBRCA-BC, carboplatin had double the ORR of docetaxel (68% versus 33%, respectively; biomarker, treatment interaction P =  0.01). Such benefit was not observed for subjects with BRCA1 methylation, BRCA1 mRNA-low tumors or a high score in a Myriad HRD assay. Significant interaction between treatment and the basal-like subtype was driven by high docetaxel response in the nonbasal subgroup. We conclude that patients with advanced TNBC benefit from characterization of BRCA1/2 mutations, but not BRCA1 methylation or Myriad HRD analyses, to inform choices on platinum-based chemotherapy. Additionally, gene expression analysis of basal-like cancers may also influence treatment selection.


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